Doenças do sistema digestório dos bovinos: Estudo retrospectivo (1999-2018) de base hospitalar

Abstract

Diseases of the digestive system of cattle make up an important group of diseases frequently related to inadequate nutritional management and responsible for significant economic losses in the livestock sector. Due to the economic and social importance of cattle culture for the region, where the main dairy basin of the state of Pernambuco is located, and the influence that the high incidence of diseases causes on animal productivity, the objective was to conduct a clinical-epidemiological study of digestive system diseases diagnosed at the Garanhuns Cattle Clinic, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, from January 1999 to December 2018,which would make it possible to know the different digestive diseases diagnosed in cattle in the region, as well as their distribution of epidemiological characteristics. These diseases represented 24% (2238/9343) of the visits of cattle performed in this period, with mechanical/motor diseases being the most prevalent (33.6%), followed by fermentative diseases (28.4%), gastroenteritis (16.0%), esophageal diseases (9.7%) and diseases of the oral cavity (4.5%). Traumatic reticulitis and its sequelae (14.5%) were the most prevalent diseases, followed by simple indigestions (10.1%) and esophageal and intestinal obstructive disorders (9.0%). The overall lethality rate for these diseases was 46.0%. In general, diseases were more prevalent in females, mixed race, aged more than 24 months, reared in a semi-intensive system and during the dry period. Also, in this work, a clinical-epidemiological and laboratory characterization study of vagal indigestion in cattle was carried out. This syndrome represented 5.5% (70/1279) of the digestive cases of cattle and presented unfavorable prognosis in 78.3% of the cases. Vagal indigestion type II was the most prevalent (40%) followed by type I (24.3%) and types III and IV, which corresponded to 18.5% and 10.0%, respectively. In 67.1% of the cases, vagal indigestion occurred because of other diseases, with traumatic reticuloperitonitis being the most frequent (27.7%). Motor changes in the gastrointestinal tract, such as hypomotility, abdominal distension, and timpania were the most frequent clinical signs. Laboratory, imaging and anatomopathological alterations originate mainly from the primary diseases present in each case. In addition to the descriptive studies mentioned above, this study was carried out in this study with an analytical study of the cohort-retrospective type with the objective of identifying clinical and laboratory variables that can help in predicting the outcome in cattle with emergency digestive diseases. One hundred and twenty-two cattle were included in the study: 35 with obstructive bowel disorder, 31 with DAD,30 with frothy bloat, 17 with cecum dilation and nine with ruminal lactic acidosis. The outcome was considered positive when the animal was discharged after the therapeutic procedure and negative when there was natural death or was euthanized during hospitalization. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to identify the predictor variables. None of the variables studied were associated with the outcome in animals with frothy bloat and cecum dilation. They remained in the final model adjusted for animals with DAD to HR (OR=11.4; CI: 1.04 - 125.1) and the total leukocyte count (OR=5.7; CI: 0.71 - 45.0). While for animals with obstructive bowel disorder, lactate remained (OR=22.8; CI: 1.74 - 299.4) and plasma fibrinogen (OR=14.2; CI: 1.01 - 199.5). The diseases of the digestive system represented a considerable portion of the diseases that affect cattle raised in the region that make up the main dairy basin of the State of Pernambuco, ratifying its economic and social impact for the region and the importance of conducting studies that allow greater understanding of it.